The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment : an often overlooked narrative related to the long-term effects of early childhood trauma?

Brain injury in children as a result of a number of forms of maltreatment including chemical abuse, neglect and violence is well documented from early in pregnancy and its effects may continue to influence aspects of human development well into the third decade of life. This paper reviews some of the recent research that has analysed the outcomes of child maltreatment as seen through the lens of the disciplines of neuroscience, psychopathology, traumatology and related fields. Studies comparing maltreated children with those who have no similar demonstrable maltreatment exposure, demonstrate compelling differences in neuroanatomy and cognitive function (especially affecting the abilities to decide and thoughtfully choose) which suggests that maltreatment may adversely affect long-term outcomes through these effects. Studies demonstrating how neuroplasticity and epigenetics mignt contribute to resilience suggest that appropriately developed remedial programs using this knowledge may provide a means to mitigate some of the effects of child maltreatment.