The New South Wales mouse plague 2020-2021: A one health description

A mouse plague occurred in Eastern Australia from spring 2020 to winter 2021, impacting an area of around 180,000 km2. It harmed human physical and psychological health, damaged the natural and built environment, and endangered farmed, domestic and native animals. However, the mouse plague was overshadowed by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially as the end of the plague coincided with the arrival and surge of the COVID-19 delta strain in rural New South Wales (NSW). In this article, we systematically overview the multiple impacts of the plague and highlight their complex interactions. Using a One Health framework, we comprehensively review the i) human, ii) animal and iii) environmental impacts including economic dimensions. Given the damage that the mouse plague caused to infrastructure, we consider the environment from two perspectives: the natural and the built environment. This One Health description of the 2020–2021 mouse plague identifies priorities for preparedness, response and recovery at local, regional land levels to inform response and management of future mouse plague events in Australia. It also highlights the need for ongoing collaboration between researchers and practitioners in the human, animal and environmental health sectors.