Physical characteristics of capacitive carbons derived from the electrolytic reduction of alkali metal carbonate molten salts

Carbons have been synthesized through the reduction of molten carbonate systems under varied conditions. The mechanism and kinetics of carbon electrodeposition has been investigated. Carbon morphologies include amorphous, graphite-like, and spherical aggregate phases. Increased graphitic character is observed in carbons electrodeposited at more cathodic potentials, particularly at higher temperatures. Bonding has been investigated and oxygen functionalised sp² and sp³ structures have been identified. The level of functionalization decreases in carbons with reduced amorphous and increased graphitic character. Thermal decomposition of electrodepositied carbons has been investigated and zero order kinetics have been identified. A relationship has been identified between elevated oxygen functionalization and increased pseudo-capacitance, with carbons deposited at 0.15 A cm⁻² showing capacitances of 400 F g⁻¹ in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ at sweep rates of 10 mV s⁻¹.