Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Manganese, and Iron from Drinking Water for High School Children

Arsenic (As) is one of the major pollutants of groundwater in many developing countries including Bangladesh, and it poses a significant health risk to humans. This study aims to assess the potential health threat to school children through As-contaminated drinking water. For this analysis, 180 samples of water from tubewells located in high school premises in southwestern Bangladesh were analyzed for As and other elements such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Also examined were the physicochemical parameters including, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, chloride, and hardness. The results revealed that groundwater is slightly alkaline and very hard. The mean As concentration in drinking water was 71.06 ± 66.47 μg L−1 (range: 1–250 μg L−1), which was 7-fold higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional guideline value (10 μg L−1). Human health risk assessment was evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ) for As, Fe and Mn, and the cancer risk (CR) assessment for As only. The values of As for HQ and CR (HQ and CR were up to 9.04 and 4.1 × 10−3 for boys and 9.82 and 4.4 × 10−3 for girls, respectively), revealed that children are susceptible to higher risks. The risk was slightly higher in girls than boys were. No health risk was observed in the children when they consumed drinking water containing Mn and Fe. The school-going children are at the greatest threat from As-containing drinking water on school premises, and this situation requires urgent attention to ensure safe potable water in As-endemic areas.