Differences in Structural Brain Characteristics Between Individuals with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain and Asymptomatic Controls: A Case–Control Study

Background: Neck pain is a prevalent and costly problem, but its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies show alterations in brain morphometry in chronic musculoskeletal pain, but reports on neck pain are scarce. Objective: This study investigates (1) differences in brain morphometry between individuals with chronic nonspecific neck pain and asymptomatic individuals and (2) associations between brain morphometry and patient-reported outcomes. Methods: Sixty-three participants (33 pain, 11 female, mean [SD] age 35 [10] years; 30 control, 12 female, age 35 [11] years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Brain regions of interest (ROIs) were determined a priori, outcomes included cortical thickness and volume. Between-group differences were determined using cluster-wise correction for multiple comparisons and analyses of pain-related ROIs. Results: Between-group differences in volume were identified in the precentral, frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, and paracentral cortices. ROI analyses showed that parahippocampal cortical thickness was larger in the neck pain group (p=0.015, 95% CI: −0.27 to −0.03). Moderate to strong associations between volume and thickness of the cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and temporal lobe and neck pain duration, pain intensity, and neck disability were identified (p-values 0.006 to 0.048). Conclusion: Alterations in brain morphology that are associated with clinical characteristics inform the mechanisms underlying chronic nonspecific neck pain and may guide the development of more effective treatment approaches.