Exploring the dynamic influences between the conventional, electric and hybrid powertrains on a global market scale

Understanding the scale and direction of emerging and incumbent vehicle powertrains is critical for accelerating the transition to the green mobility economy. Our aim is to explore the dynamic influences between the conventional, electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains on a global market scale. Based on the Technological Innovation System framework and the Lotka-Volterra model, we argue that a powertrain with positive or negative market growth can both support and inhibit the market growth of the other powertrains. Using Google traffic search data (2004-2016), our results show that their relationships are not always competitive, but symbiotic, parasitic and amensalism.